Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Cloud computing makes it possible for small and medium businesses to take advantage of large datacenters and applications software that they require to run their IT operations. Obtaining such services by utilizing in-house enterprise computing resources would mean huge expenditure for purchase of new hardware systems and related software. While cloud computing service providers like Amazon and Microsoft are offering an inexpensive solution to these problems, issues like security and data safety concerns require intensive resolution by such service providers. Traditional model of enterprise computing An in-house IT computing division of any business would consider the total cost of ownership to run the required computer systems. This includes the cost towards purchase of licensed applications software, hardware equipment and devices, as well as maintenance of in-house IT staff and development of vendors. Fixed and variable costs Any new start-up has to bear the upfront expenses that i nclude installation costs for hardware systems, software applications and cost towards setting up the required security environment. The variable costs include expenses towards running of the system, upgrade of software, training of IT staff and constant monitoring of security system. The operating cost for traditional enterprise computing keeps on increasing with the new technology upgrades. Every upgrade of software would require dedicated staff to run the application. With rapid expansion in businesses and fast technological development in the computing environment, the capital cost towards installation of new hardware is always high, considering the output required from such systems. In addition, the frequent need for replacing large and small equipment like servers and routers puts extra burden on the economics of the concerned company. Coordination with vendors and suppliers, apart from software application upgrades is yet another cost burden, which can prove hazardous for the company. As new applications are developed almost overnight, the earlier expenditure done on the outdated application is a waste, while the system would demand installation of new application software for quality deliverance. This would also need matching hardware, as per the software installation and running set-up instructions. The cost keeps on increasing with expansion in the company business volumes.(Total cost of ownership) In-house IT staff Any upfront set up would require in-house staff to install, maintain and subsequently run the IT computing infrastructure and software. Hardware installation and running requires a different group of IT engineers, while another group would install applications software. Similarly, the training methodology for both would be different. Hence, the company may require new group of engineers for running a replaced server or router. The vendor development and software applications purchase agreements would require another group of IT staff, whi ch has sufficient legal and technical knowledge about the involved technicalities. In addition, the expansion of business would mean installation of another set of expensive hardware, requiring more staff to run the same. The capabilities of IT staff remain limited, as engineers may not be able to match the new requirements of technology with their existing knowledge. This puts additional burden on the concerned business, in terms of

Truth-Telling and Confidentiality (TT&C) Precis Assignment Essay

Truth-Telling and Confidentiality (TT&C) Precis Assignment - Essay Example Secondly, he points out that we maintain our privacy so as to keep some aspect of our behavior or life a secret because if other people knows about these secrets it might be embarrassing for them. The third reason to maintain our privacy as he points out, mostly relates to an individual’s medical records. It is important to keep an individual’s medical record private in order to protect that individual from dealing with the consequences of making such record public. The last reason that Rachels points out, for maintaining our privacy is to protect individuals from giving too much information to corporate or institution that are just looking for a specific detail about the individual’s life (Rachels 156). However, Rachels argues that the reasons he has pointed out here does not give the complete understanding of why privacy is important for two reasons: First, they all bases on the unusual situation in which an individual has something to hide and might harm him if let out. Second, in another perspective, the invasions of privacy that result in harm or an embarrassment is objectionable because our sense of privacy cannot just be justified in terms our fear of embarrassment or harm (Rachels 157). He gives his account on the importance of privacy basing on social relationship and an individual’s appropriate behavior. He states that privacy is only important if we are to maintain our social relationship with different kinds of people that we would like to socialize with, since our relationship to other people mostly depends upon how we act towards them (Rachels 157). He further states that people vary the way they behave towards each other according to the social responsibility t hey have towards them. Similarly, Rachel further reiterates the importance of privacy basing on the individuals privacy and his or her personal relationship. According to this account, he argues that the ability of an individual to control who

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime The sociological or socio-cultural model provides a macro-level analysis of criminal violence. This model examines criminal violence in terms of socially structured inequality, and social and cultural attitudes and norms regarding anti-social behaviour and inter-personal relations. Besides the two well-known theories, viz. the Structural-Functional Theory and the Theory of Sub-culture of Violence, the Learning Theory, the Exchange Theory, the Anomie Theory, and the Resource Theory also come under socio-cultural analysis.  [1]   Structural Theory This theory asserts that social groups differ in respect to their typical levels of stress, deprivation and frustration and in the sources at their disposal to deal with these stresses. It explains that those individuals would be more violent who combine high stress with low resources. This theory thus explains an individuals action in terms of the ways it is shaped or determined by social forces of one kind or another. Among the possible sources of stress are economic conditions, bad housing, relative poverty, lack of job opportunities and unfavourable and frustrating work condition. Men and women are socialized into particular roles to which are attached a set of socially determined expectations. If structural faction prevents these expectations from being realized, frustration results and violence may ensue. Furthermore, in a variety of ways violence is socially legitimated. Criticism One consequence of accepting this position is that the action of individuals has nothing to do with their personalities and values, and that violence cannot be described in terms of conflict, suppression, sublimation, guilt, and so on. The role of rationality also has to be rejected in social action. The structuralistic perspective, thus, leaves some questions unanswered because of which it is criticized. It should also be observed, however, that while stress resulting from poverty, inequality and various forms of deprivation may be contributory factors in domestic violence, only a small proportion of those who experience such conditions behave violently and many of those who do behave violently are neither poor nor deprived. The identification of structural factors gives a more political flavour to explanations of domestic violence. For example, a study by Straus revealed: that there was a lower incidence of domestic violence when the inequalities between men and women were less marked, and that weaker social bonds gave rise to increased domestic violence.  [2]   System Tension and Feedback System Theory This theory was developed by Straus (A General Systems Theory of violence between Family Members, 1973) to explain intra-family violence. Straus accounts for violence in the home by viewing family as a purposive goal-seeking, adaptive social system. Violence is seen as a system product or output rather than an individual pathology. Straus specified positive feedback in the system which can create an upward spiral of violence, and negative feedback which can maintain, dampen, or reduce the level of violence. According to this theory, violence is precipitated by factors such as stress and inter-individual conflict and is followed by consequences which maintain or escalate violence in family and in society. Criticism This theory has been criticized on the basis that there has been little research specifically concerned with the learning of marital violence. It also over-emphasizes the social system and completely ignores the role of individuals personality.  [3]   Resource theory Resource theory was suggested by William Goode (1971). Women who are most dependent on the spouse for economic well being (e.g. homemakers/housewives, women with handicaps, the unemployed), and are the primary caregiver to their children, fear the increased financial burden if they leave their marriage. Dependency means that they have fewer options and few resources to help them cope with or change their spouses behavior. Couples that share power equally experience lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, the spouse may resort to abuse.  [4]   Criticism This theory does not explain all forms of violence against women. Various arguments can be given against this theory when applied to wife battering, dowry deaths, murders, rapes, and so on. Patriarchy Theory This theory developed by R.E. Dobash and R. Dobash (Violence Against Wives, 1979) maintains that throughout history, violence has been systematically directed towards women. Economic and social processes operate directly and indirectly to support a patriarchal social order and family structure. Dobashs central theoretical argument is that patriarchy leads to the subordination of women and contributes to a historical pattern of systematic violence directed against females. Criticism Dobashs theory, while perhaps the most macro-level approach to violence against women, has a major drawback of being a theory that is essentially a single factor (patriarchy) explanation of violence (towards women). Conflict and Control Theories Scholars like Foucault (1975), Thompson (1977), and Rothman (1980) have presented a domination model of deviance. They have talked of rules imposed on the powerless by the powerful. Radical and conflict sociologists like Quinney (1977) have argued that the purpose of controlling deviance is to protect the interests of the dominant classes and to prevent access to their resources by outsiders. In other words, the control apparatus is created to prevent the powerless from pursuing their interests, particularly if that pursuit involves gaining access to resources monopolized by the powerful. Imposing varied restrictions on women and compelling them to remain dependent on men economically, socially and emotionally to make them realize that they are weak and powerless in all respects, stands as an example of this argument. To the extent that the agents of control belong to the dominant group, an overall system of devaluation of the powerless group (women) can easily be implemented. Schurz (1983) contends that male control of deviance labelling results in their continued dominance in most spheres of life. The constraints on womens rights can be interpreted as function of the successful definition of women as different from and inferior to men. Man talks of woman not in herself but as relative to him. She is not regarded as an autonomous being. She is differentiated with reference to man and not him with reference to her. She is the incidental, the inessential as opposed to the essential. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute; she is the other. Sex role norms clearly differentiate men from women. When these norms become internalized, they are accepted as facts and seldom questioned. Millet (1970) has said: Because of our social circumstances, male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different. Women live in such a different economic, cultural and social world from men that their reactions cannot be understood from a master model developed in male society. Criticism What is in question is not the existence of gender differences but the extent to which such differences justify restrictive role assignments to each gender. There is little disagreement regarding the cultural construction of gender, but there are conflicting views on the role biological factors play in such development. Thus women are: declared as different, defined as inferior, and women stereotypes are justified, and they are systematically deprived of rights, and all attempts at change are restricted. Inter-actionist Deviance Theory This theory, exemplified by theorists such as Erikson (1964), Becker (1963) Schurz (1971), and Lemert (1978) has three characteristics: it cites sex roles as causal factors of why engage in crime and deviant behaviour, it maintains that societal expectations about appropriate sex role behaviour influence the diagnosis and labelling of certain actions as deviant or criminal, and it holds that gender affects the response to such (deviant) behaviours by society (Wisdom, 1984), Since women tend to be less powerful and of lower social status than men, they are easily labelled as deviant in cases of domestic violence. This theory explains family violence in terms of sex role or gender norms, i.e., differential expectations for values, attitudes and behaviours as a function of ones gender. These norms serve as important standards against which women and men are evaluated through application of various sanctions (Schur, 1984). According to the prevalent sex role norms, a husband expects a good wife to behave in a certain manner. She has to run the household smoothly, ensure childrens well-mannered behaviour, avoid assertiveness and remain submissive to elders in family. Any show of independence on her part would violate sex role expectations for female behaviour. According to deviance theory, norm violations tend to trigger forces aimed at making the violator conform to expected standards of behaviour. Thus, when women do not behave like the males ideal of wife, husbands use violence against them to make them conform to norms.  [5]   Social Learning Theory Social learning theory while still concentrating on individual perpetrators, introduces a social element by attempting to explain mens violence towards women as learned behaviour. This phenomenon is seriously referred to as intergenerational transmission of violence. What it purports to demonstrate is that those who witness violence between their parent, or who themselves experience abuse as children are likely to resort to violence in adulthood.  [6]   This theory asserts that human aggression and violence are learned conduct, especially through direct experience and by observing the behaviour of others. According to this theory (Albert Bandura, Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis, 1973) the individual learns violence through imitation. Individuals pick up the behaviour patterns of those they are taught to respect and learn from. Whether observed in the flesh or via visual media, the behaviour of aggressive models is readily imitated by individuals. Aggressive behaviour patterns learned through modelling and imitation remain part of our repertoire of social responses over time. Rewards and punishments also play a crucial role in the learning and expression of behaviour patterns. One might think that physical aggression directed against ones fellows could hardly have any rewards, actual or anticipated. But it is not so. Violence offers abundant rewards and one learns it very early in life. This theory explains both the variations of persons and situations in their tendency to respond aggressively by reference to prior experience, reinforcement patterns, and cognitive processes. Steele and Pollock (1974) and Bennie and Sclare (1969) have maintained that abusive male adults are likely to have been raised in abusive homes. In fact, this family determinism approach maintains that all victims of childhood violence will grow up to be violent adults.  [7]   Criticism Such and Flit craft reject the notion that violence is transmitted from one generation to the next; they argue that the studies which claim to show this are methodologically flawed and base their conclusions on inadequate evidence and unsound interpretation. Widom points to methodological weaknesses in the research, including in retrospective nature and the lack of an adequate control group. Dr. Ram Ahuja applied this theory in studying a wife-batterers history of abuse as a child and found that about half of the batterers (55%) had faced conditions of manifest physical brutality or severe emotional rejection in their childhood. The data thus supported the social learning theory. Yet, violence which is the result of victims provocation or victims complicity, etc., cannot be explained on the basis of this simple theory. Cognitive Behaviour Theory The cognitive behaviour theory postulates that men batter because: They are imitating examples of abuse they have witnessed during childhood or in the media, abuse is rewarded, it enables the batterer to get what he wants, and abuse is reinforced through victim compliance and submission. This theory is same as social learning theory. Advantage and Criticism of the Cognitive Behaviour models One advantage of the cognitive behavioural model is that its analysis of battering and its intervention strategy are compatible with a criminal justice response to domestic violence. The approach holds the batterer fully responsible for his violence and fully responsible for learning and adopting nonviolent alternatives. Without trying to solve larger issues of social inequality on the one hand, or delving into deep-seated psychological issues on the other, the cognitive behavioural approach simply focuses on the violent acts themselves and attempts to change them. The feminist perspective criticises the cognitive behavioural approach for failing to explain why many men with thought patterns or skills deficits that allegedly explain their domestic violence are not violent in other relationships, how culture or sub-cultures influence patterns of violence, and why some men continue to abuse women even when the behaviour is not rewarded.  [8]   Exchange Theory Rechard J. Gelles feels that the Exchange Theory is the best theory of violence because it integrates the elements of the diverse theories of human violence. According to the Exchange Theory, interaction is guided by the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishment and costs. In addition, an individual who supplies reward services to another obliges him to fulfil an obligation and thus the second individual must furnish benefits to the first. The exchange does not pertain to concrete or tangible things; rather, it involves intangibles such as esteem, liking, assistance and approval. If reciprocal exchange of rewards occurs, the interaction will continue, but if reciprocity is not received, the interaction will be broken off. Thus, actors expect rewards to be proportional to the investments (distributive justice). The costs and rewards are judged in the light of alternatives.  [9]   This theory explains the growth of resentment, anger, hostility and violence when the principle of distributive justice is violated. In applying the principles of the Exchange Theory to explain violence in a family (in our case wife beating, dowry death and rape by a family member), we expect that people will use violence in a family if the costs of being violent do not out-weigh the rewards. Goode suggests that force is used more by those in the poorer classes partly because they have less alternative resources and partly because their socialization experiences teach them to depend more on force. However, all researchers do not agree that the poor classes do use more force, though statistics show more violence in poor classes are there because of the fact that greater proportion of the population belongs to lower classes or it may be that middle classes have more resources or have greater motivation to hide their offences. Criticism Intra-family relations are more complex than those studied by Exchange Theorists. A wife cannot break-off interaction with her husband and parents cannot break-off interaction with their children, even if there is no reciprocity. Goode (1971) however, believes that violence is used as a last resort to solve problems in the family. But Nye (1979) does not accept Goodes viewpoint. In applying this theory to intra-family violence, we find some costs for being violent. First, there could be the chance of the victim hitting back; second, a violent assault could lead to an arrest and/or imprisonment; and finally, using violence could lead to loss of status. Thus, since the cost greater than the reward, how does the reward, how does the Exchange Theory explain violence against women?

Driving Test Essay -- essays research papers

I woke up at eight in the morning, being that it was May and spring was in the air I knew that my day would be perfect. As I leaped out of my warm and comfortable bed to put on my Bullwinkle slippers, my stomach nerves began to tighten. I figured it was just a small bellyache and I would get over it soon. I walked slowly to the bathroom not really realizing that the house was not filled with sunshine as it usually is during these beautiful spring days. As I began to brush my teeth my eyes caught a glimpse of the window that I now noticed was so close to the mirror. I could have died when I noticed that the rain was coming down like a storm. It was at that moment that I ran to mother’s room to tell her that I couldn’t go driving today. My whole body was tense, I knew this was a sign for me to stay home, I was scared and would never be able to drive in the horrible storm. I don’t know how, but she convinced me to just try, â€Å"It’s just a driving test,â €  is what she continued to repeat, â€Å"if you fail, your not ready.† I knew she wanted me to fail anyway. As she drove into the driveway that seemed to be the size of a football field, my stomach nerves began to tighten once again. There were a few cars in front of us forming a line, and three cars pulled up behind us as soon as the car stopped. I sat in the passenger’s seat watching a car on the winding trail, looking as if it was going back and forth on the course. It seemed as everything that was happening at that moment was irritating me, the tapping of the rain on the car, the windshield wipers swishing back and forth on the windshield and the whining of the saxophone that was playing along with the jazz song on the radio. I knew that my patience was being tested that day and I was sure I would fail. For the next ten minutes I watched as the instructors, that looked as if someone dropped a bucket of water on them even with the yellow raincoats, left one car that was on the course to get into another car that was on the line. The cars seemed to move quickly and it seemed as if my turn was coming to quick. It was at that moment that I felt like I wanted to cry, the wet figure in the yellow raincoat was approaching our car. I wanted to scream for my mother to turn around but I was stuck in the moment I didn’t know what to do. My mother called me and it reminded me of summer nights when she would call me to come in ... ...ualities as he kindly explained that I should relax and adjust my car seat to make me more comfortable. He stressed to me to take my time as I was preparing to drive so I wouldn’t be uptight. He then handed me the piece of paper, the same one he scribbled on the whole time I was driving, and told me to make an appointment to take the test over again. I then watched as the medium framed man got out of the car and walked to the next car on line. When my mother returned to the car, yes I cried, but she made me feel better by promising ice cream and saying that I would definitely pass the next time. On the drive home we blamed everything for the failure, the weather, my nerves, the test trail and even her insistence. I thought that my life was over without a driver’s license. I started at that moment to strategize and decide how I would take the test next time. I would be much calmer whether the sun was shining in the eighty-five degree weather or the snow was coming down in minus twenty. I knew that I wasn’t ready a, but I figured it still wasn’t a waste of time because I was able to take the valuable advice that the instructor gave me that day and even apply it to my next test.

Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Ancient and modern societies have deployed wars as a means of solving conflicts or advancing certain interests. The Infamous wars in the world are the World War I and World War II which happened in the 20th C. These two wars took place for the purpose of advancing political and economical gains of the participating countries. Countries wanted to gain powerful control over others on military, economic resources and even resizing the countries boundaries by capturing other nations. A win in war guaranteed superiority hence opportunity to rule over the subdued nation. War and literature Literature, has borrowed a lot from the occurrence of the World War 1 and World War II. Literature is considered as a mirror of the society. The events that took place during these wars have shaped authors of the ancient and modern society. The authors aimed to bring into light the true picture of what went on in the course of the war. The significance of these wars to literature thus can be observed in the aspect of the style and content form of literary writers. Literature art saw the emergence of several literary authors during the world wars and after. Some of the notable literary writers who have voiced their thought on negative effects world wars had on the society include: Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway First Casualty by Ben Elton Goodbye to All That by Robert Graves Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas All Quiet on The Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque Content forms a significant aspect in identification of war literature. It is the message that authors want to present to their audience. In war literature the above authors used their creative arts as writers to show the world that although these wars presented massive growth to countries in regard to military advancements and economic gains, the social, cultural, economical and political society setup systems suffered immensely. This research analyses some of the negative effects of war as presented in these creative writings. Despair, grief and disillusionment Despair, grief and disillusionment are some of the psychological effects that wars submit Citizens and the soldiers to. These effects can have a lasting scar to the people involved influencing the way they think and act. Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms presents a picture of soldiers and citizens disillusioned with the war. The soldier with Hernia admits to having thrown away his truss in order to avoid returning to the war front. He says â€Å"I threw away the goddam truss so it could get bad and I would not have to go to the line again† (Hemingway 37). Henry then offers to help him â€Å"You get out and fall down by the road and get a bump on your head and I’ll pick you up on our way back and take you to a hospital.† By offering to help, Henry is demonstrating his lost will to pursue the course of the war as he considers the war to be out of his interest. Sentiments of Henry are echoed by Rinaldi who does admit to the fact that war has made him depressed â€Å"This war is killing me,† Rinaldi said, â€Å"I am very depressed by it (Hemingway 177). Miss Barkley in Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms is a woman filled with grief. Miss Barkley’s boyfriend who was a soldier is killed in the war. His death does not only cause Miss Barkley grief but it leads her to desperation in finding someone who can comfort her. Her desperation is evident in the way she easily falls for Henry at their first encounter. She tells him â€Å"you are sweet†¦ I’d be glad to kiss you if you don’t mind.† (Hemingway 27).Barkley would love forgetting the nasty experience. In addition, throughout Farewell to Arms novel, soldiers indulge in alcoholism and drug abuse. Their main reason is to get the troubles of war out of their mind. This illustrates the psychological turmoil that the soldiers are subjected to. Feelings of happiness have eluded them and alcohol and drug abuse present their only choice to refilling their minds with that ‘feel good’ moment. Ben Elton’s First Casualty novel also presents elements of disillusionment among the soldiers. In discussion between one of the soldiers and the inspector, the soldier notes â€Å"Oh don’t get me wrong inspector, we all know that he is right, the War’s gone Mad, nothing could possibly be worth the price we are paying.† (Elton 129). The soldier’s believe in the war has been shattered completely. The fighting is considered as madness as there isn’t any benefit apart from the country and the Kings’ pride. It is mad fighting when you have no reason for the fight. Decay of moral values War literature seems to amplify the fact that during war period, non-soldiers and soldiers are so much concerned with themselves that they become complacent, lack care for others and general decay of moral values. This is attributed to the harsh climate of wars which lead to basic human moral values and ethics being degenerated. War climate is a climate that is hard to separate an enemy from a friend. People are usually preoccupied in trying to save themselves rather than trying to help others. Medical practitioners and first aid providers are expected to demonstrate kindness and tender care to their patients. These professionals act in contrary in the novel Farewell to Arms by Hemingway. Henry on arrival in Milan for specialized medical care, the ambulance drivers hold him clumsily as they put him in an elevator. This causes him a lot of pain. Moreover, one of them is drunk â€Å"His breath came in my face metallic with garlic and red wine (Hemingway 87). He is also bandaged with dirty bandages â€Å"When I woke up, I looked around†¦my legs in the dirty bandages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hemingway (90). The hospitals are not able to acquire proper facilities for war victims despite being new. In Goodbye to All That by Robert Graves, the author displays a group of men joking over a dead body â€Å"Out of the light, you old bastard, Do you own this bloody trench.† (Graves, 100). This context portrays a society that has become so used to death that death does not illicit fear anymore. This complacency is further heightened when there is heavy bombardments and Graves is only concerned with his cup of tea which is spilled (Graves 188) During the retreat in Farewell to Arms novel Henry and the companion pick up two girls who were in desperate help to run away from the war front. One of the soldiers Bonello does not demonstrate the virtue of kindness. He wants to take advantage of the girls to advance his sexual urge â€Å"he put his hand on the girl’s thigh and squeezed it in a friendly way. The girl drew her shawl tight around her and pushed his hand away (Hemingway 208). Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas novel by Thompson presents a society that is punishing what is right and condoning what is wrong, As the Duke continues to read the newspaper, a small article talks about how Mohammed Ali has a final appeal of a case in court which he had been sentenced to five years in prison for refusing to kill â€Å"slopes.† This illustrates the moral decay of the society. A criminal was likely to get a shorter jail term than a person who had refused to join the military and aid in killings. What is right is considered a serious offence. Discrimination Discrimination refers to isolation of an individual on basis of race, religion, color and sex. The war era period was characterized with a lot of discrimination. Discrimination led to hatred which fueled the wars. Notable forms of discrimination included nationality and sex/gender War discriminates the human race based on nationality and patriotism to warring parties. Hemingway’s Farewell to War is a classic example. While in Italy for specialized treatment, Henry requests for a barber. He is mistreated by the barber whom we come to understand that had mistakenly identified Henry as an Australian. The porter says that the barber would have gone as far as killing Henry but fear prevented him. In addition, the doctor to Henry refers to Australians as ‘sons of bitches’ he even asks Henry how many he had managed to kill (Hemingway 101). The Italians and Australians are enemies during the war. Patriotism and allegiance to each country has created a segregation gap among citizens of these nations. Fear and Loathing Las Vegas reveals racist nature of the American military during thje Vietnam War decay of moral values. This is portrayed in a copy of the Las Vegas Sun newspaper the Duke was reading. â€Å"†¦she was just a slope anyway.† This is in reference to killing of Asiatic origin person. His killing is considered right for simple reason that he from the race of the enemy camp. A ‘slope’ referred to Asiatic community. The massive killings during the Vietnam War were ironically regarded as success by the American government. Disruption of Human lives Wars disrupt the social political and economical functioning of a society. During the World War 1 as brought by Henry Hemingway in Farewell to Arms, these fundamental pillars of the society were disrupted. The process of love between a man and woman cannot hold. As a soldier, Henry believes he cannot fall in love with a woman just because of her job nature. When we meet Henry on his first encounter with Catherine, Henry paints a picture of hypocritical demonstration of love. Secondly, Henry in Farewell to Arms by Henry Hemingway novel states that. â€Å"There were riots twice in town against the war and bad in Turin (Hemingway 142) this illustrates that the daily activities of people were disrupted as they came out to air their views in regard to war proceedings. All Quiet on the Western Front author Erich Maria Remarque portrays soldiers who have been cut out from the society and deprived fundamental physiological needs such as a need to have a romantic sexual experience. Recruitment into the army in this novel happens at a very young age of around 20 years. The young men are at a ripe energy of starting to experience romantic life when they are enlisted to war. This illustrated by Paul who poses a statementâ€Å"we can hardly credit those things happen.† (Remarque 141) in reference to a poster of a woman wearing a white dress and a red belt Paul Bauner in the novel All Quiet on the Western Front represents a figure alienated from the rest of Civilians. War has profound effects on people. Not only does it damage the souls of people but also the physical body. Paul Bauner is the novel’s protagonist taking part in the World War 1 as a German soldier. He witnesses the horrifying death of his fellow soldiers through grisly bullet wounds and explosives. He is affected by these events and can be seen by his inability to relate to other civilians while on leave. Migration of residents During the war period, families and residents of the war areas are forced to migrate to safer areas. On page 200 in Farewell to Arms, Henry Hemingway narrates that Gorizzia town was almost empty. â€Å"In the night many peasants had joined the column from the roads of the country and in the column there were carts loaded with household goods; there were mirrors projecting up between mattresses, and chickens and ducks tied to carts. There was a sewing-machine on the cart ahead of us in the rain. They had saved the most valuable things† (pg 211) The above quotes paint a picture of people migrating away from their homes. People have saved belongings they believe are most important. Moreover there were several houses that were abandoned. The narrator says â€Å"The whole country was moving, as well as the army (Hemingway 233) Senseless murder and brutality Wars are usually filled with senseless murder and brutality. The killing of one of the two sergeants by Henry who refused to help get out Aymo’s car that had stuck in mud is a clear example. The sergeant is killed for failing to honor an order which is not from their leader and to which they see no reason to respond to. â€Å"I opened up my holster, took the pistol, aimed at the one who had talked the most, and fired. I missed and they both started to run. I shot three times and dropped one† (Hemingway 218). Bonello sees no crime in this act and not only does he offer to finish up the wounded sergeant; he finds it a special accomplishment. The irony in this killing is that they still had to abandon the car after it failed to come out. Soldiers with the rank of a colonel, a major or a higher rank are killed for crimes of abandoning their troops. This act is brutal in that the officers are not given a chance to defend themselves. They were convicted to death without trial. â€Å"He was not allowed to make an explanation† (Hemingway 240). We the readers are aware that these soldiers had not abandoned their troops and these murders have no basis. Aymo an Italian soldier is also shot by fellow Italian soldiers. These soldiers are acting out of fear of Germans who are perceived to have broken barriers. Remarque in the novel All quiet on the Western Front describes World War 1 as beastly. The Germans are actually enjoying killing the enemy soldiers and even call it a game of Germans. The soldiers are transformed from being humans into animals/beasts. â€Å"†¦ We reach the zone where the front begins and become the instant human animal (Remarque 56) Fear In the course of war, fear is instilled not only to the area residents but also the soldier. Bonello a soldier with the Italian troops has surrendered to the enemy soldiers. From discussion of Henry and Tenente, we realize that his main reason to surrendering was fear of being killed. â€Å"He was afraid we would get killed.† (Hemingway 232). Bonello viewed being a prisoner as a better option to death. Residents and former soldiers leave in fear of being arrested. â€Å"If you have nothing to fear an arrest is nothing. But it is always bad to be arrested — especially now.† (Hemingway 283). Henry after escaping the war front, fear haunts him when he is told that he was being sought after to be arrested for having been earlier an officer and was now out of uniform. He and Catherine are forced to flee. Soldiers in the novel All Quiet on the Western Front present a picture of soldiers who leave on constant fear of physical danger as the prospects of blown up are so high. Paul the protagonist says that he wished that one day he woke up and found all that had been gone forever. Paul is referring to the wars and shows how soldiers dreamt of the end to the war but still woke up to it Destruction of property World War 1 was characterized use of heavy machinery and explosives. Farewell to Arms by Henry Hemingway illustrates the destructive nature this war brought to the native peasants. The narrator says â€Å"The night we helped empty the field hospital that had been set up in the least ruined villages of the plateau† (Hemingway 200). In addition Henry notes that there were blown up bridges (Hemingway 223) which hindered accessibility to some areas. There are many abandoned farm houses. Loss of life War is usually characterized by massive loss of life due to involvement of weapons. Farewell to Arms by Hemingway is a classic example. Catherine says that his former boyfriend was killed in the war. Catherine describes his death as a ghastly show (Hemingway 18). Soldiers too are not spared to the war onslaught. Rossini and many other Italian soldiers when their camp is hit by a trench mortar shell from the enemy camp. Henry on page 79 says â€Å"when they lifted you up out of bed to carry you into the dressing room you could look out of the window and see the new graves in the garden.† The presents of fresh graves seem s to amplify the concept of loss of life. Conclusion The various novels analyzed in this research have shown that Wars despite having been used to advance political and economical, communities and societies that were involved in this war were left with more harm than good. The research has looked at the World War 1, the World War II and the Vietnam War. Wars create fear, disillusionment, massive migration of people, murder, loss of life, decay of moral values and discrimination among several others. Reference Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. London: Flamingo, 1972 Hemingway, Ernest (1929). Hemingway, Seà ¡n, ed. A Farewell to Arms (The Special Edition ed.). London: William Heinemann. Elton, B. (2006). The first casualty. London: Black Swan. Graves, R. (2011). Goodbye to all that. London: Viking. Remarque, E. M., & Murdoch, B. (1996). All quiet on the Western Front. London: Vintage. Source document

Everlast – What Its Like

The song I chose is called â€Å"What its like† by Everlast. The piece was written by Erik Schrody, an Irish-American singer/rapper born on August 18, 1969. The first time I listed to this song, it really grabbed my attention. The song tells about circumstantial extremities in life and how people react to them. It first tells of a bum, begging for money at a liquor store. The song tells of this man begging for money with shame in his eyes, suggesting how hard it is for him to do. Maybe if there was any other way, he would have avoided the situation. Second, it tells of an adolescent teenage girl that becomes pregnant in a relationship she thought would last forever. It ends up that the young man stops talking to her and abandons her completely. She is left to make a choice and decided to get an abortion. The people give her â€Å"static† as she comes through the door at the clinic, there was tension in the decision that she made, people degraded her by calling her horrible things for the decision that she makes. How could they know her pain? Can they judge her? The last character is Max. Max has problems with drugs and alcohol and seems to have violent friends as well. Max is the one I felt most like judging because he hangs out with drug dealers and gets smashed drunk all the time and thus wise neglects his responsibilities as a dad and a husband. He ends up losing his temper one night and gets in a gun brawl and gets shot and dies. His problems are then left for his grief stricken family to deal with. The song touches heavily on not judging someone until you are fully aware of their circumstances. In my opinion, the single best line in the song is, â€Å"god forbid you ever had to walk a mile in their shoes, then you might know what it’s like to have to choose. The song is written in a type of blues, hip-hop soft rock. It’s really a unique style that Everlast created after having been involved so much in so many different kinds of music. There are only two guitars and a drum set used in this song. It is interesting to note that a majority of the song is played D Minor, which is said to be the single saddest note in the musical spectrum. (see wikipidia: D Minor) There have yet to be any remakes of the song. The song is still played on the radio today and seems to attract attention where ever it is played.

How to Use Pinterest for Your Job Search

How to Use Pinterest for Your Job Search So yes, we all know of Pinterest as the go-to place to design a wedding mood board or pin recipes to try for summer barbecues. But did you know that you can also it for your job search? On this the fastest growing social media network, you can either waste endless amounts of time pinning â€Å"shoes to buy,† or you can spend your procrastination time by making a job board for yourself. Can’t hurt, might help! Here are a few ways you could use your Pinterest to help boost your job search.1. Pin your resume.Thousands of people do this. You might even see some traffic. Better yet- make a resume Pin Board and fill it with pins that represent all the different parts of your resume highlights. Pin links to the schools you’ve attended, the companies you’ve worked for, the projects you’ve worked on. Make those text boxes work for you- write commentary as you would in your resume for each pin.2. Link it up.Your beautiful Pin Board isn’t going to do yo u much good if no one knows where to find it. Add it to your LinkedIn portfolio, your Facebook and Twitter profiles, even advertise on your Instagram. Add the link to your email signature and business cards. Just make sure there’s nothing unprofessional on your Pinterest (or make those boards private) before linking far and wide.3. Be a follower.For both inspiration and career tips, try following the greats on Pinterest as well as other platforms. CareerBliss is a great place to start, as is your college career office, if they have an account. If you’re unemployed, try the 405 Club. FlexJobs and Brazen Careerist are other great options, but you can always just type â€Å"career advice† into the search bar and see what turns up!4. Stalk potential employers.If the company or companies you want to work for have Pinterest, follow them! You can learn a lot about company culture and what may be expected of you in an interview situation by studying what they post. Re-p in their content if you like it, establishing a connection or- at minimum- making sure they see your little account name pop up every time you do.5. Build your brand.Choose images and words that support the brand you’re cultivating across other platforms. Be professional, of course, but yourself. Never underestimate what a well cultivated Pinterest board can do to show your strengths and tastes and sell you at your best.6. Get inspired.If you’re feeling bored or discouraged in your job search, you can always sift through other job seekers’ Pinterest boards for inspiration. What are some creative ways other people are using social media sites to maximize their search and build their brand? Spend 20 minutes going down the rabbit hole and see whether a better idea strikes you!

Free Essays on The Awakening

In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, Edna Pontellier, the main character, has three important men in her life. All of whom she looks at differently and has different emotions for. Throughout her life Edna feels the need for attention from all men. This explains why she marries Leonce Pontellier, her deep feelings for Robert Leburn, and her sexual affairs with Alcee Arobin. Because her husband spends most of his time away from home on business trips, Edna is left with a great deal of time for herself. Leonce spends little time worrying about family matters. He constantly criticizes Edna and only cares about money and his own reputation. Edna knows she need to be with Leonce for his financial support and stability. Edna is not sure if she is in love with him or if she has ever been. She slowly grows to despise Leonce. Robert Leburn, with whom Edna falls in love with, has a history of being very close to married women. With Edna his feelings are different. He is very devoted to her, and she loves him in return. Though they wish to be together they know that society frowns against it. Edna’s deep love for Robert pushes her further and further away from her husband and children. She longs to be with Robert but knows that it would be frowned upon by others who know them. Edna has a love affair with Alcee Arobin. He has the reputation of a â€Å"ladies man†. Alcee enjoys flirting with women, especially married women. Even though Edna does have sexual relations with Alcee, she does not love him. She had fun with Alcee. There were no strings attached because they did not love each other. All three of these men men played different roles in Edna’s heart. Edna had money and support from Leonce, love from Robert, and sexual relations with Alcee. Her flirty ways made her fall in love with the only man she should have been with all along, Robert Leburn.... Free Essays on The Awakening Free Essays on The Awakening In Kate Chopin’s novel, â€Å"The Awakening†, a confused middle age woman deals with a torn heart in the center . Edna, who is not really in love with her husband, begins to have mixed feelings and, as a result, begins to realize who she truly is. Edna feels that something is lacking in her life. The author uses the ocean to personify and symbolize what is missing in Edna’s lifethe love of a man and freedom of the soul. On several occasions Chopin uses the sea as a personification of Edna’s longing for the love of a man. Although Edna is married, she does not have the feelings for her husband, which coincide with being in love. In one example, Chopin describes the sea: â€Å"The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude, to lose itself in mazes of contemplation† (13). The sea calls to Edna: â€Å"The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close embrace† (13). Chopin is describing the sea as though it was a man with whom Edna is in love and for whom she feels a strong attraction, not just someone she can make love to but someone she can loose herself in. Later, the young man, Robert Lebrun, who is stirring up all these feelings in Edna, asks her if she is going swimming; she answers him no and tells him she is too tired. Chopin describes Edna’s actions afterwards: â€Å"Her glance wandered from his face away toward the Gulf, whose sonorous murmur reached her like a loving but imperative entreaty† (12). Chopin is projecting Edna’s feelings for Robert, whether Edna is conscious of these feelings or not, onto the sea because a part of Edna does want to go swimming with him. Edna also has a strong need for freedom and Chopin, with respect to Edna’s character, makes reference to the sea to express this need. On one occasion, Edna and Madame Ratignolle, her... Free Essays on The Awakening Every step which she took toward relieving herself from obligations added to her strength and expansion as an individual† (93) The Awakening by Kate Chopin introduces the reader to the life of Edna Pontellier, a woman with an independent nature, searching for her true identity in a patriarchal society that expects women to be nothing more than devoted wives and nurturing mothers. In this paper I will describe Edna’s journey of self-discovery and explain why her struggle for independence is no easy task. I will also discuss the relationship Edna has with two other main women characters and describe how these women conform or rebel against a society with many social constraints. Finally I will discuss how the issues brought up in Chopin’s novel are still relevant today. The Journey The Awakening begins in the vacation spot of Grand Isle. At first we believe that Grand Isle is a utopia, wealthy families relaxing at oceanside, but it is here where Edna first begins to realize her unhappiness. The first sign of dissatisfaction is when Edna allows herself to feel that her marriage is unsatisfying; yet she must agree with the other women that Leonce Pontellier is the perfect husband. Edna can now ask herself if she has a good husband and is not happy than should marriage be a component of her life. Edna has two close relationships with other males in the book but both prove unsatisfying, and a block to her independence. The first relationship is with Robert Lebrun. They swim, they chat on the porch and offer each other companionship. This is a flirtatious relationship; a relationship similar to those Robert has had previous summers with other married women; but different because Edna, being a â€Å"foreigner† allows herself to take Robert seriously and she falls in love with him. This proves tragic because during the course of the novel the two will pine for each other but Robert not wanting to mar his reputation as a â€Å"gentleman† move... Free Essays on The Awakening The Awakening The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, tells the story of a woman, Edna Pontellier, who undergoes a transformation from an obedient housewife to a person who is alive with strength, character, and emotions that she no longer has to repress. This metamorphosis is shaped by her surroundings. Just as her behavior is more shocking and horrifying because of her position in Grande Isle society, it is that very position which causes her to feel restrained and makes her yearn to rebel. Adele Ratignolle is Edna’s close friend and confidante. However, the two women are nothing alike. Adele is the perfect housewife and mother, and the epitome of what a Creole woman should be. Adele lives her life for her children, always being sure that they are properly cared for, clothed, and educated. Unlike Adele, whose life is fulfilled through loving and caring for her children; Edna is â€Å"fond of her children in an uneven, impulsive way.† Nevertheless, her children are not enough to justify her life. Adele cannot understand hoe Edna could say that she â€Å"[will] never sacrifice herself to her children, or for anyone.† Edna’s being is taken on a new importance in her life. She is starting to realize just how important it is to be true to herself. She goes along with the way things are supposed to be, holds her socials, and tends to her house until she becomes aware that she needs more from her life. Also, Edna’s marriage to Leonce is safe , but there is no passion or excitemen! t. She simply â€Å"[grows] fond of her husband, realizing with some unaccountable satisfaction that no trace of passion or excessive and fictitious warmth color her affection.† While this lack of emotion is enough to satisfy Edna for the majority of her marriage, after she begins to allow her true self to come forth, she feels trapped and seeks a way to escape. She realizes that she need dot fit the mold of the typical Creole woman. Her lifestyle suffocate... Free Essays on The Awakening The Awakening by Kate Chopin In her novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin is an artist who paints a picture for readers with every word for example:"The sun was low in the west, and the breeze was soft and languorous that came up from the south, charged with the seductive odor of the sea." (Page 12) The inclusion of such alluring and dramatic images allows readers to see, hear, feel, smell, and live in the scene which she creates. Chopin writes to awaken senses, and her style is beautiful and unique. As if stroking a paint brush across a canvas, or playing a note on the piano, Chopin’s use of expressive, descriptive, and poignant writing is evident throughout this novel, thus adding to its overall effect. Chopin incorporates a number of images and emotional phrases which reflect the beauty of her writing. A recurring image throughout this novel is that of the sea: "The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude, to lose itself in mazes of inward contemplation. The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close embrace." ( Page 13) Chopin gives us the ability to feel the sentiments of her characters as they wander along the shore. We can hear the soft crashes of the waves and smell the sweet, cool odor of the sea. Chopin allows us to feel the warmth and serenity that Edna feels towards the ocean. The sea is a place of comfort and contentment for Edna. Chopin uses adjectives such as "seductive" and "whispering" to illustrate this. Compelling lines such as the aforementioned are not lacking within the work. In each chapter Chopi n writes with a flowing, descriptive style that allows a reader to be affected by her words:"It was the first kiss of her life to which her nature had really responded. It was a flaming torch that kindled desire." (Page 83) Chopin does not simply wri... Free Essays on The Awakening Life Is A Dream Response To The Awakening â€Å"The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting, the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude; to lose itself in mazes of inward contemplation.† The Awakening, Kate Chopin That summer at Grand Isle changed her life forever. The sea, the people, the atmosphere in general all gave way to Edna Pontellier’s â€Å"awakenings.† In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, Edna undergoes a process of serious self-examination into her life as a mother, wife, and a woman stuck under the pressures of high society. These awakenings all seem to focus around Edna’s search to find her soul underneath the shrouds of formality and her roles in society. In addition, Edna seems to focus around the idea that her life is a dream, an illusion before her summer at Grand Isle. The idea of the soul plays a very important part in the novel. Edna is constantly distracted by frequent bouts of â€Å"inward contemplation.† Early on in the novel Edna recognizes that she has lived â€Å"a small life all within herself† (Chopin, 35). She knows she has let herself conform, but she also finds herself questioning life and her existence. Grand Isle was the place where these private inhibitions began to stir and wrap around her interest like â€Å"foamy wavelets [curling] like serpents around her ankles† (301). These serpent-like wavelets, this temptation, take her on a journey into her soul. One night at Grand Isle, Edna decides to stay outside on the hammock until late. This decision upsets her husband, Leonce- Edna is a fragile being and needs rest- according to him. But this resistance does not faze Edna. Instead she resists her husband’s request to go inside. This stirs something in her; â€Å"[she] began to feel like one who awakens gradually out of a dream, a delicious, grotesque, impossible dream, to feel again the realities pressing int... Free Essays on The Awakening According to literary critic, Michael Gilmore, Edna commits suicide as a way out of the society she was entrapped in. He says, â€Å"She can find no room for her newly awakened self in the present social system†¦there is no way for the world she inhabits to accommodate the change in her.† The society of Grand Isle places towering expectations on the women to become men’s property devote a majority of their lives to their children. Edna Pontellier is sourouded by what she declares the â€Å"mother-women†, women who â€Å"idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it to a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals.† Every aspect of her life contributes to the portrayal of the image she cannot ensue; Her husband, lovers, children, and friends all directly contribute to Edna’s tragic demise. Kate Chopin explains that it isn’t that Edna neglects her children, but rather she abandons her mother-woman image. Edna attempts to explain her outlook when she says, â€Å"I would give up the unessential; I would give my money; I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn't give myself. I can't make it more clear; it's only something I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself to me.† This attitude specificly contrasts the mother-woman idea of self-sacrificing for your husband and children. Also, the '†something . . . which is revealing itself† does not become completely clear to Edna herself until just before the end, when she does indeed give her life, but not her self for her children's sake. Just as Edna’s rapport with her children deducted from her sense of self, so too did her relationship with her husband, Leonce. The Grand Isle society defines the role of wife as fully devoted and self-sacrificing to their husband. Edna didn’t fulfill societies definition. This is clear when the other ladies at Grand Isle â€Å"all declared that Mr. Pontellier was the best husband in the world.† A... Free Essays on The Awakening The Awakening: A Woman's Fight for Independence Right from the beginning the plot is almost conveniently evident. You find a woman, Edna Pontellier, tired of living her life as a pampered and "owned" wife and mother. She is searching for much more in her life, some sort of meaning for her whole existence. She searches for a long time but in the end, the inevitability of her life's pattern and direction wraps around her, suffocating her. She is overcome with wonder, confusion, and guilt for what she believes and what she does to express her beliefs. She finally finds a way to beat the "proper" 1890's lifestyle by committing suicide. During this story Edna struggles with three main opposing powers. First, there is the society's opinion of what a woman's "roles" in life was and how they should act, look, and feel. Second, is her independent nature. The last opposing power she comes across is her undying love for the charming Robert Lebrun. It is the unwritten rule that a woman should marry, have children, and be happy and content with that as their life. Society portrays this to be a woman's rightful job and duty. A woman should act and look "proper" at all times. This is what Edna is fighting against in this novel. She feels that, though many women agree with this "known" rule, it isn't fair. For six years Edna conforms to these ideas by being a "proper" wife and mother, holding Tuesday socials and going to operas, following the same enduring schedule. It is only after her summer spent at Grand Isle that her "mechanical" lifestyle becomes apparent to her. She sees how much she is unhappy with the expectations, held by society, of her life and she wishes to erase them and live her life as she wants. Edna has an independent, almost self centered, nature about her. Her need for an uncontrolled lifestyle is what leaves her feeling "owned" and wanting to break that label; she fights to do as ... Free Essays on The Awakening Music as one of the main themes in The Awakening: How do different characters perceive music? The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a novel of intellectual, spiritual, and moral evolution, as well as a novel of artistic development. In this essay I would like to focus on the artistic side of the work and analyze the impact of art, and especially music, on the novel’s characters. My aim is to prove that music plays a key role in the novel and serves as the main instrument of Edna’s awakening. Edna Pontellier, the twenty-eight-year old wife of a New Orleans businessman, is the protagonist of the novel, the title of which refers to Edna’s development throughout the story. After a series of impulses, Edna realizes how dissatisfied she is in her role as a wife and mother and she begins to act upon her newly discovered wishes and passions. She, through a set of â€Å"awakenings† – experiences which enliven her suppressed emotional ego, works herself up to a state of total self-awareness, discovers her own identity, and pursues her emotional and sexual desires. Edna becomes a woman far too independent for the Victorian society and, in the end, finds that people who had lead her to that state left her to experience it solely by herself. As I have pointed out earlier, music has the greatest influence over Edna’s process of awakening. At the beginning of the novel, Chopin describes Edna Pontellier’s feelings and perceptions upon hearing music. Edna is described as having pictures and fantasies conjuring up in her head while listening to music. â€Å"Edna was what she herself called very fond of music. Musical strains, well rendered, had a way of evoking pictures in her mind. She sometimes liked to sit in the room of mornings when Madame Ratignolle played or practiced. [†¦] When she heard it there came before her imagination [†¦]† (Chopin, The Awakening) However, when Edna first listens to Mademoiselle Reisz play, she experiences ... Free Essays on The Awakening Drowning in a Sea of Freedom: Edna’s Representation of Feminism in The Awakening In The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, the author makes several political statements. Chopin acknowledges sexual issues as well as women’s rights. During a time period when the discussion of such topics was considered to be unacceptable, Chopin was assertive with the character of Edna Pontellier. Edna epitomized the feminist role of the strong-willed woman who no longer wanted to adhere to the boundaries of a society where she could not live freely as she had wanted. Edna found the limitations that were placed on her by society to be too restricting for her. Women in her day had very few options. It was often the backseat role of wife and mother that was most commonly enforced. Michael Ryan wrote, â€Å"The assumed norm in many societies is for women to be in charge of domestic labor and childrearing. . . .† (101). Edna found herself in this situation and was discontented by it. She did not desire to conform to the barriers that society placed around her. She was a unique, free spirit who had no right to practice the freedom she so desperately yearned for. Though many scholars view the character of Edna as female yearning to break free into her male-counterpart, as she truly felt she was, Edna can be viewed as a female who simply yearned for equal opportunity. Bringing into consideration theories pertaining to gender studies as well, she did not want to take on the role of a male, but rather wanted the same independence that the male was afforded. Edna’s â€Å"awakening† happened equally emotionally and physically, but both sexually to some extent. With Robert Lebrun, she experienced the emotional aspect of love and passion. With Arobin, she experienced the physical aspect of love and passion. But Arobin could not control Edna’s emotions and therefore she distanced herself from him so as not to become too emotionally attached. ... Free Essays on The Awakening When she published The Awakening in 1899, Kate Chopin startled her public with a frank portrayal of a woman’s social, sexual, and spiritual awakening. Her public disapproved of the novel because it told a particular truth without judgment or censure. The idea of a true autonomy for women, or more astoundingly yet, a single sexual standard for men and women, was too much to imagine. Kate Chopin’s presentation of the awakening of her heroine, Edna Pontellier, her unblinking recognition that respectable women did indeed have sexual feelings proved too strong for many who read her novel. The Awakening would mark the end of Chopin’s career: â€Å"The reading public was shocked by such a sympathetic view towards the actions and emotions of the sexually aware and independent female protagonist† (Burris 2). The Awakening is as much a portrait of society’s values as it is the protagonist, Edna. The first look we have at Edna’s life is her existence at Madame Lebrun’s summer home in Grand Isle. This setting is filled with those tangible items that we typically associate with family and traditional values. On the literary website â€Å"Symbols in The Awakening,† the setting is described as portraying a â€Å"women’s sphere†: â€Å"Porches and pianos, mothers and children, skirts and sunshades – all these are the props and properties of domesticity, the key elements of what in the nineteenth century was called â€Å"women’s sphere,† and it is in this sphere, on the edge of a blue gulf, that Edna Pontellier is securely caged when she first appears†¦She is confined in what is not only literally a â€Å"women’s sphere† but, symbolically speaking, the Woman’s House†¦ Every object and figure has not only a literal domestic function and a dreamlike symbolic radiance but a distinctively female symbolic significance† (Burris 1). Chopin has masterfully tucked other physical symbols into The Awakening: â€Å"A green and yellow ... Free Essays on The Awakening Tortuous Freedom The Awakening by Kate Chopin opens with the brash squawking of a parrot. â€Å"Go away! Go away! For god’s sake! That’s alright!† Although these opening words are few and may seem to have little significance, they come to represent the role Edna plays in society and the transformation she undergoes in her awakening. Edna’s awakening completely reshapes her thoughts, opinions and lifestyle, which eventually prove to be intoxicating and dreadful. At age 28 Edna comes to realize she is an individual. This marks the beginning of her awakening from a dream to life’s reality that is represented through many the choices she makes. Edna doesn’t comply with requests from Leonce, refusing to go to New York with him. She befriends both Mademoiselles Reisz and Ratignolle and proceeds to have an affair with Alcee Arobin while Robert was in New York. â€Å"Every step she took toward relieving herself of obligations added to her strength and expansion as an individual.† While Edna used her actions to grow personally, they eventually leave her in great distress, as she continues to love Robert, but he leaves her, leaving just a note reading, â€Å"I love you, goodbye, because I love you.† Edna’s solitude is intoxicating as it causes her to be unperceptive to other’s views. Mademoiselle Reisz says to Edna, â€Å"The bird that would soar above the level of plain tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a spectacle to see the weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth.† This is a message that can be interpreted as a forewarning of the events at the end of the novel; Edna sees the bird flutter and fall into the sea just shortly before she herself swims out too far and drowns/commits suicide. Edna, however, does not comprehend Mademoiselle Reisz’s warning and is determined to eliminate any aspects of a typical housewife in her life, and â€Å"fly free†. Absolute freedom is what Edna really des... Free Essays on The Awakening At the beginning of The Awakening, Edna Pontellier alienates herself from society only on an emotional level. She felt as if â€Å"a certain light was beginning to dawn dimly within her, – the light which, showing the way, forbids it† (17). As the novel progresses, she voices her feelings and begins to put them into action. However, Edna must face the fact that her ideas are not socially acceptable. When Edna’s beliefs contradict those in her community, the community’s moral values are revealed by the society’s reactions to Edna’s role as a mother, her treatment of her husband, and her desire for other men. Edna’s behavior toward her children was viewed by society as being abnormal. She did not neglect her children, however her participation in their lives was unconcerned and apathetic. She would often leave them with a nanny, rather than take care of them herself. â€Å"She was fond of her children in an uneven, impulsive way. She would sometimes gather them passionately to her heart; she would sometimes forget them† (24). This contrasted the perfect motherly figure of her times. Madame Ratignolle is an example of this ideal motherly figure that devoted her life to her children. When Edna tells Madame Ratignolle that she would not sacrifice herself for her children, this stirs up â€Å"a rather heated argument; the two women did not appear to understand each other† (62). This shows how the society believes that a woman should give her life for her children. Mr. Pontellier is described as a typical ‘good’ husband and is viewed that way in society. He kisses his children and promises â€Å"to bring them back bonbons and peanuts† (4). Nevertheless, Edna would not agree with society’s views. She feels that Mr. Pontellier perceives her as a possession and does not spend adequate time with his family. Edna begins her development of her new, independent self when she disobeys her husband by refusing his reque... Free Essays on The Awakening In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, Edna Pontellier, the main character, has three important men in her life. All of whom she looks at differently and has different emotions for. Throughout her life Edna feels the need for attention from all men. This explains why she marries Leonce Pontellier, her deep feelings for Robert Leburn, and her sexual affairs with Alcee Arobin. Because her husband spends most of his time away from home on business trips, Edna is left with a great deal of time for herself. Leonce spends little time worrying about family matters. He constantly criticizes Edna and only cares about money and his own reputation. Edna knows she need to be with Leonce for his financial support and stability. Edna is not sure if she is in love with him or if she has ever been. She slowly grows to despise Leonce. Robert Leburn, with whom Edna falls in love with, has a history of being very close to married women. With Edna his feelings are different. He is very devoted to her, and she loves him in return. Though they wish to be together they know that society frowns against it. Edna’s deep love for Robert pushes her further and further away from her husband and children. She longs to be with Robert but knows that it would be frowned upon by others who know them. Edna has a love affair with Alcee Arobin. He has the reputation of a â€Å"ladies man†. Alcee enjoys flirting with women, especially married women. Even though Edna does have sexual relations with Alcee, she does not love him. She had fun with Alcee. There were no strings attached because they did not love each other. All three of these men men played different roles in Edna’s heart. Edna had money and support from Leonce, love from Robert, and sexual relations with Alcee. Her flirty ways made her fall in love with the only man she should have been with all along, Robert Leburn....

Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder

Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder Bobby Seale (born October 22, 1936) co-founded the Black Panther Party with Huey P. Newton. The organization, which was the most well-known group launched during the black power movement, stood out for its free breakfast program and emphasis on self-defense- a departure from the nonviolent philosophy advocated by civil rights activists. Fast Facts: Bobby Seale Known For: Co-founder, along with Huey P. Newton, of the Black Panther PartyBorn: October 22, 1936 in Dallas, TexasParents: George and Thelma SealeEducation: Merritt Community CollegeSpouse(s): Artie Seale, Leslie M. Johnson-SealeChildren: Malik Seale, Jaime SealeNotable Quote: â€Å"You dont fight racism with racism, the best way to fight racism is with solidarity. Early Life and Education Bobby Seale, the first child of George and Thelma Seale, was born on October 22, 1936. He grew up with a brother (Jon), a sister (Betty), and a first cousin (Alvin Turner- the son of his mother’s identical twin). In addition to Dallas, the family lived in other Texas cities, including San Antonio. Seales parents had a rocky relationship, separating and reconciling repeatedly. The family struggled financially and sometimes rented out parts of their home to other families to earn additional income. Seales father, George, was a carpenter who once built a home from the ground up. He was also physically abusive; Bobby Seale later described being whipped with a belt by his father at age 6. When the family moved to California, George Seale struggled to get carpentry work or join a union, as unions often excluded African Americans during the Jim Crow era. When George Seale did manage to enter a union, he was one of just of three black men in the state with union membership, according to Seale. As a teenager, Seale hauled groceries and mowed lawns to earn extra cash. He attended Berkeley High School but dropped out to sign up for the US Air Force in 1955. After a conflict with a commanding officer, Seale was dishonorably discharged. However, this setback did not deter him. He earned his high school diploma and made a living as a sheet metal mechanic for aerospace companies. He also worked as a comedian. In 1960, Seale enrolled in Merritt College, where he joined a black student group and his political consciousness took hold. Two years later, he met Huey P. Newton, the man with whom he would start the Black Panthers. Founding the Black Panther Party At a 1962 demonstration against the Kennedy Administrations naval blockade of Cuba, Seale befriended Huey Newton. Both men found inspiration in black radical Malcolm X and were devastated when he was assassinated in 1965. The next year, they decided to form a group to reflect their political beliefs, and the Black Panthers were born. The organization reflected Malcolm X’s philosophy of self-defense by any means necessary. The idea of armed African Americans proved controversial in the broader United States, but as the civil rights movement waned following the assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., many young black Americans leaned towards radicalism and militancy. The Black Panthers were particularly concerned about racism in the Oakland Police Department, but before long, Panthers chapters sprang up nationwide. The Black Panther Party became most well known for their 10-point plan and free breakfast program. The 10-point plan included culturally-relevant teaching, employment, shelter, and exemption from military service for African Americans. Legal Battles In 1968, Bobby Seale and seven other protesters were charged with conspiring to incite a riot at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. When the trial date arrived, Seales lawyer was ill and unable to appear; the judge denied the request to delay the trial. Seale claimed the right to defend himself in order to advocate for his own constitutional rights, but the judge did not allow him to give an opening statement, cross-examine witnesses, or speak to the jury. Seale contended that the judge had denied him his right to counsel, and he began to speak out in protest during the proceedings. In response, the judge ordered him bound and gagged. Seale was chained (later strapped) to a chair, with his mouth and jaw strapped shut, for several days of the trial. Ultimately, the judge sentenced Seale to four years in prison for contempt of court. That sentence was later overturned, but it did not mark the end of Seale’s legal troubles. In 1970, Seale and another defendant were tried for killing a Black Panther believed to be a police informant. The hung jury resulted in a mistrial, so Seale was not convicted of the 1969 murder. As his court battles unfolded, Seale wrote a book tracing the history of the Black Panthers. The book, published in 1970, was titled Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. But the time Seale spent behind bars awaiting the outcomes of various court cases had taken a toll on the group, which began to fall apart in his absence. The settling of the court cases saw Seale take charge of the Panthers again. In 1973, he changed focus by putting his bid in to become the mayor of Oakland. He placed second in the race. He left the Panthers the following year. In 1978, he wrote his autobiography, A Lonely Rage. Later Years In the 1970s, the black power movement subsided, and groups like the Black Panthers ceased to exist. Deaths, prison sentences, and internal conflicts spurred by initiatives like the FBI’s Counterintelligence Program played a role in the unraveling process. Bobby Seale remains politically active, giving talks on his life and activism at college campuses and other venues. More than 50 years after the Black Panthers formed, the group continues to influence politics, pop culture, and activism. Sources â€Å"Bobby Seale.† PBS.org.Bennett, Kitty. Bobby Seale: Black Panther leader was one of the Chicago Eight. AARP Bulletin, 27 August, 2010.Glass, Andrew. Kennedy imposes naval blockade of Cuba, Oct. 22, 1962. Politico, 22 October, 2009.Seale, Bobby. â€Å"Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party.† 1970.

Cryptosporidium parvum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cryptosporidium parvum - Essay Example The parasite is adapted to harsh way of survival. This is due to its outer layer that allows it to withstand harsh environment (CDC, 2013). This conveys it some resistance once it is exposed to chlorine disinfection. The organism exists in nature and causes disease. The organism is transmitted in different ways. However, water acts as the most common way of transmission (CDC, 2013). Such water may be for drinking or recreational facilities. The mode of transmission is through fecal-oral route (Health Canada, 2001). This may be from person to person, animal to person, or food and waterborne transmission (Health Canada, 2001). The organism prevalence has been on the rise in United States. For example, from 2009 to 2010 the number of cases of cryptosporidiosis has been on the rise (Yoder, T et al. (2012). Cases were most prevalent on children aged 1-9 years and adults in a category of 25-29 years (Yoder, T et al. (2012). Moreover, the number of waterborne diseases has been on the rise in the country. A number of factors contribute to the spread of the organism. However, there are factors that majorly contribute to the spread of the organism. They include accidental swallowing something that encounters the stool of an infected person (CDC, 2013). It may also be through drinking recreational water contaminated with Crypto (CDC, 2013). One may also be infected through eating of poorly cooked food contaminated with the organism. Likewise, one may get infected by touching of mouth with contaminated hand (CDC, 2013). It may also be spread in a laboratory by naturally and experimentally infected animals (Health Canada,

The Creative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Creative - Assignment Example This product is portable and would promote the integration of technology and enable access to the hotel services through an electronic device (Nyheim, McFadden & Connolly, 2005). It would allow the customer the customer to manage the hotel services before arrival, upon arrival and within the booked room. The product targets different segments of the market such as the hotel industry and home movers. The company will differentiate prices according to the needs of different target markets. However, the product will face competition from companies that offer tour travels, apps that enable the customers to book a hotel in advance. On the contrary, due to the numerous advantages the device brings, it will overcome the challenges. HosTech will need to engage in extensive advertising and promotion activities. The promotion will be through social media platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, blogs and Company website. The messages will market the product and more so, it will act as a platform to encourage customer loyalty by involving them in open discussion forums about the MRD. Furthermore, the message acts as a marketing tool to ensure the customers that the product is high-end and does there is no cuurent technology to beat

Ostia antica Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ostia antica - Essay Example During the early Augustan period, a monumental theatre was constructed by Agrippa along with an adjacent rectangular double-colonnaded portico3 with a large space in the center to offer the audiences a retreat as they reached the interval or the end of the show4. In the second half of the second century, a trade center was made out of this structure that was further divided into several parts that appear to be the offices of traders. There was a unique mosaic in each office, revealing different kinds of commodities that the overseas clients purchased5. The Temple of Rome and Augustus is one of the landmarks which have preserved the Augustan period over the centuries. Roman sculptors carved its Italian marble faà §ade6, which not only reveals the building’s significance but also the amount of skill needed to achieve it. The horrea warehouses were the commercial buildings of extreme importance in Ostia. Ostia was like a bridge in Rome, which was used for different types of commodities, which imparted a need to store the imported goods. Commodities received in Ostia were numbered and catalogued before they were sent for Rome7. The audiences can also have a view of the imperial Roman lifestyle from the Bath buildings that provided the slaves and working men and women with retreat as they had a place to get together in a good environment8. The most common example of the Roman architecture of all time is the Roman tabernae. It is a very flexible and ordinary architectural unit often in the form of a single room that appeared like a â€Å"tall, deep, barrel-vaulted chamber open in front almost to its full width†9 in its enhanced form. Tabernae served many purposes that included but were not limited to frontage of apartments, market-places, and street shops. Owing to the constructors’ liking for the pattern and texture of it, brickwork was frequently employed in the decoration of the concrete buildings10. â€Å"In urban architecture it was

Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organizations - Essay Example In First Aid, a person is taught how to respond to common first aid emergencies, such as burns, head, back as well as neck injuries and cuts, while, in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED), a person is taught how to respond to cardiac and breathing emergencies in grown-ups, as well as how to make use of automated external defibrillators (AED). Blood borne pathogens training is designed for first responders, lifeguards, health care professionals and other employees who are at risk for on-the-job exposure to body and blood fluids which can lead to infection. This course assists in meeting the training requirements for the OSHA blood borne pathogens standard. This course educates on how to assist avoid exposure incidents through personal hygiene and proper cleaning, protective equipment, work practice and disinfecting of equipment. The organization’s Nurse Assistant Training Program equips an individual with the knowledge as well as the experience required to grow to be a qualified Nurse Assistant. The organization has prepared people for employment in the field of nursing for over a hundred years. The program stresses on the importance of learning excellent communications skills as well as the Art of Care giving to offer compassionate care towards people within the health care system. The students, through lecture, role-playing, DVDs, and laboratory practice, are able to learn procedural skills for instance bathing, vital signs, dressing and positioning (American Red Cross, 2). The National Headquarters of the organization is located at 430 17th Street, Washington DC. The building accommodates art and artifacts made by famous artists obtained by the American Red Cross from the time when it was formally initiated, in 1881. Positioned the front position of this collection are Tiffany

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia Annotated Bibliography

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia - Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, fibromyalgia is described as a syndrome which inherits long-term body pain due to tenderness of joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. The study also illustrates the variant depression symptoms among people in respect to change in mood, behavior and thinking which hinders in pharmacological treatment. Medical researchers have implemented neurobiological and therapeutic features to decrease processes of pathophysiological to disable the enhancement of pain and depression within the people. This study also shows about the qualitative approach of identifying the association between chronic pain and mood disorders which go beyond the process of pathophysiological that causes depression and pain. Fibromyalgia arises due to variation in cognitive and emotional psychological behavior of people. These tendencies generally arise due to various deficiencies of vitamins, which build and provide strong generation of tissues. The competitive racialism, work pressure, financial insufficiency and unsophisticated environment are also associated with the cause of fibromyalgia. Hence, there must be awareness programs organized in support of medical organizations and welfare agencies, which can provide various psychological therapies and treatments to mitigate the issues of fibromyalgia. The research study illustrates that the cognitive impairment related to behavior and attitude of individuals which are generated due to fibromyalgia have extreme negative effect on the human psychology as well as causes severe pain than the general pain. This study explains that central nervous system, which consists of limbic and front parietal cortices of the patients are hampered who are inflicted with fibromyalgia. There had been neuroimaging techniques implemented, which ascertain that effective biomarkers are not available that can detect and measure the scale of patients’ condition in cognitive and

Is it important for society to try to save languages that are in Essay

Is it important for society to try to save languages that are in danger of disappearing Should governments create laws to encourage the protection of endangered languages - Essay Example It is very important for the society to preserve their languages. This is because it encourages the growth of culture and social progress. The steps taken to promote the propagation of native languages to encourage the linguistic diversity and the cultural traditions in the world, which inspires solidarity based on understanding, indulgence, and discourse. Most of these languages under threat of extinction are due to powerful languages such as English, French, Spanish, and German. Languages are the most important tools of communication. They help reflect the view of the world according to the different communities that speak marginalized languages. They are also tools of value systems and of cultural expressions. Languages contribute as the dominant factor that gives identity to various communities, groups, and individuals (Zrioka, 2012). Despite the increased importance of technology, it has also contributed to extinction of language. The age of cyberspace and digitalization has con tributed a lot towards the extension of these languages. This is because the use of powerful language like English has dominated the education system in many countries. It has made the young people to try to learn it for a better career (Council of Europe, 2010). The governments should create laws to encourage the protection of endangered languages. This can be done by setting up of a native language day. This will encourage the societies to maintain their cultures and traditions and strengthen the unity and cohesion of societies. Secondly, the government can protect the use of this language through the enacting Minority Language Protection laws. Protection laws will encourage the use of minority languages in various departments of the government. The Minority Language Protection laws should aim at encouraging training of interested people to use their native languages. This can be done by encouraging the training of native languages in government schools

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia Annotated Bibliography

The cognitive and emotional aspects of fibromyalgia - Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, fibromyalgia is described as a syndrome which inherits long-term body pain due to tenderness of joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. The study also illustrates the variant depression symptoms among people in respect to change in mood, behavior and thinking which hinders in pharmacological treatment. Medical researchers have implemented neurobiological and therapeutic features to decrease processes of pathophysiological to disable the enhancement of pain and depression within the people. This study also shows about the qualitative approach of identifying the association between chronic pain and mood disorders which go beyond the process of pathophysiological that causes depression and pain. Fibromyalgia arises due to variation in cognitive and emotional psychological behavior of people. These tendencies generally arise due to various deficiencies of vitamins, which build and provide strong generation of tissues. The competitive racialism, work pressure, financial insufficiency and unsophisticated environment are also associated with the cause of fibromyalgia. Hence, there must be awareness programs organized in support of medical organizations and welfare agencies, which can provide various psychological therapies and treatments to mitigate the issues of fibromyalgia. The research study illustrates that the cognitive impairment related to behavior and attitude of individuals which are generated due to fibromyalgia have extreme negative effect on the human psychology as well as causes severe pain than the general pain. This study explains that central nervous system, which consists of limbic and front parietal cortices of the patients are hampered who are inflicted with fibromyalgia. There had been neuroimaging techniques implemented, which ascertain that effective biomarkers are not available that can detect and measure the scale of patients’ condition in cognitive and

Persuasive- Pro Gay Marriage Essay Example for Free

Persuasive- Pro Gay Marriage Essay The legalization of same-sex marriage benefits both LGBT people and America as a nation. As states progressively begin to legalize same-sex marriage, it’s a convenient time to refocus attention on the many advantages associated with the pursuit and achievement of marriage equality. If same-sex marriages are legalized in Texas, not only will it benefit the state but also it will promote equality and non-discrimination in society, provide economic and business opportunities, and strengthen America’s national identity and international reputation. Millions of LGBT people contribute daily to American life in a multitude of ways culturally, socially, financially, politically, vocationally, and spiritually. They are vital to this nation’s continued growth and evolution and the U.S.A. would suffer greatly from the extraction of their many contributions. The legalization of same-sex marriage encourages the human right that everyone deserves. This promotion of equality and non-discrimination is extremely important in reducing homophobia and encouraging a minority group in society that has suffered colossal amounts of disgust that nobody deserves. â€Å"More than 1 in 5 LGBTQ students are physically harassed or assaulted because of their sexual orientation.† Children and young adults are being bullied because of whom they like; many of them cannot deal with this harassment and end up committing suicide. A large part of this nation’s future will be dead if this nonsense doesn’t quit. What more of a reason d o people need to know to see that homophobia is wicked and same-sex marriage should be permitted? It has been proven that same-sex marriage has provided a major economical boost to those states and countries that have embraced marriage equality. The marriage and wedding industry is a significant one. â€Å"Nearly $260 million was injected into the New York City economy in the year following the legalization of same-sex marriage.† Its obvious that money-obsessed geezers that are always looking for a way to get more money out of citizens run the government. They’d be absolutely blind and useless not to acknowledge that authorizing same-sex marriages could be a win-win for both them and gay couples. America has historically presented itself as a global leader in matters of freedom and democracy. It’s unfortunate and ironic, however, that  back on home soil one particular group of people is consistently denied full access to the â€Å"American dream.† The fact that the federal government doesn’t recognize same-sex marriage in a majority of the sta tes has damaged America’s international reputation in relation to LGBT rights. If people would stop discriminating and start embracing this way of life it would play a key role in enhancing America’s international reputation in matters of social justice and in restoring this nation’s integrity as a global leader in the competence of civil and human rights. Also, â€Å"Liberty and justice for all† would finally be believable when same-sex couples are granted equal access to laws across the country. It’s time for things to change and begin to celebrate diversity and difference in our society, rather than continuing to fear or attack it.

A Non Excusable Delay Construction Essay

A Non Excusable Delay Construction Essay 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, I will discuss types, causes and effects of delay of project in the construction industry. Besides that, I will also discuss the method to minimize the delays happening in construction industry 2.2 Type of Delay In construction industry, there are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1 Delay Concurrent Delay Excusable Delay Non-Excusable Delay Entitlement for time Compensable Non-compensable Figure 2.1 Types of Delay 2.2.1 Excusable delays Excusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractors or the subcontractors control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable such as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract drawing, unusually severe weather and etc. Excusable delays can be further classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. (Ibnu Abbas Majid,2006) 2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation Compensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late release from the owners architect. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule extension and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect costs for both extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead. (Abdul Hamid Kadir Pakir 2009) 2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensation Non-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically include acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally entitled to claim extension of time but no compensation for delay damages. (Abdul Hamid Kadir Pakir 2009) 2.2.2 Non-excusable delays Non-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction project. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productivity, improper project planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong construction methods, equipment breakdowns, unreliable subcontractors or suppliers. Therefore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they completed the project. For instance, a contractor failure to provide an adequate material to completed their job. 2.2.3 Concurrent Delay Concurrent delay is a problem that happening on most of the construction industry project. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same time in a project cannot complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are responsible for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distribution between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delays: If excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of time: If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damages: If two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of time and delay damages. For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner failure to give more detail regarding either using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet floor finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but actually owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing 2.3 Cause of delay Bramble and Callahan (1987) have defined that ; a delay is the time during which some part of the construction project has been extended or not performed due to an unanticipated circumstance. An incident of delay can originate from within the contractors organization or from any of the other factors interfacing upon construction Project. Some projects are only a few days behind the schedule; some are delayed over a year. So it is essential to define the actual causes of delay in order to minimize and avoid the delays in any construction project. Many and various studies were carried to assess the causes of delays in construction projects. Assaf et al., (1995) surveyed the causes of delay in large building construction projects in Saudi Arabia. The most important causes of delay project in construction industry included approval of delays in payments to contractors and the resulting cash-flow problems during construction, shop drawings, design changes, conflicts in work schedules of subcontractors, design errors, labor shortage and inadequate labor skills, slow decision making and executive bureaucracy in the owners organizations. Mezher et al., (1998) conducted a survey of the causes of delays in the construction industry in Lebanon from the viewpoint of owners, contractors and architectural/engineering firms. It was found that owners had more concerns with regard to financial issues; contractors regarded contractual relationships the most important, while consultants considered project management issues to be the most important causes of delays. Ogunlana et al., (1996) studied the delays in building projects in Thailand, as an example of developing economies. They concluded that the problems of the construction industry in developing economies could be nested in three layers: problem of shortages or inadequacies in industry infrastructure, mainly supply of resources, problems caused by clients and consultants, and problems caused by incompetence of contractors. Kumaraswamy et al., (1998) surveyed the causes of construction delays in Hong Kong as seen by clients, contractors and consultants, and examined the factors affecting productivity. The survey revealed differences in perceptions of the relative significance of factors between the three groups, indicative of their experiences, possible prejudices and lack of effective communication. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) conducted a survey to evaluate the relative importance of 83 potential delay factors in Hong Kong construction projects and found five principal factors: poor risk management and supervision, unforeseen site conditions, slow decision making, client-initiated variations, and work variations.these causes were categorized into the following into eight groups: Project-related factors include project characteristics, necessary variations, communication among the various parties, speed of decision making involving all project teams, and ground conditions; Client-related factors include those concerned with client characteristics, project financing, their variations and requirements, and interim payments to contractors; Design team-related factors include design team experience, project design complexity, and mistakes and delays in (producing) design documents; Contractor-related factors include contractor experience in planning and controlling the projects, site management and supervisions, degree of subcontracting, and their cash-flow; Materials related factors include shortages, materials changes, procurement programming, and proportion of off-site prefabrication; Labor factors related include labor shortages, low skill levels, weak motivation, and low productivity; Plant/Equipment related factors include shortages, low efficiency, breakdowns, and wrong selection; and External factors include waiting time for approval of drawings and test samples of materials and environmental concerns and restrictions. Abd. Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of non-excusable delays that influence contractors performance. They classified the main causes of non excusable delays according to the source of occurrence, and then identified the factor contributing to those causes. It is assumed that the client has more control over the compensable delays and can take action to prevent them. The contractor is expected to have control over the non-excusable delays and, presumably, do more to prevent them. They classified the factor of causes of non-excusable delays into twelve groups: material-related delays; labor-related delays; equipment-related delays; financial-related delays; improper planning; lack of control; subcontractor-related delays; poor coordination; inadequate supervision; improper construction methods; technical personnel shortages; and poor communication. Mansfield et al., (1994) studied the causes of delay and cost overrun in construction projects in Nigeria. The results showed that the most important factors are financing and payment for completed works, poor contract management, changes in site conditions, shortage of material, and improper planning. Al-Momani (2000) conducted a quantitative analysis of construction delays by examining the records of 130 public building projects constructed in Jordan during the period of 1990Â ¯1997. The researcher presented regression models of the relationship between actual and planned project duration for different types of building facilities. The analysis also included the reported frequencies of time extensions for the different causes of delays. The researcher concluded that the main causes of delay in construction projects relate to designers, user changes, weather, site conditions, late deliveries, economic conditions, and increase in quantities.